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In summary, by correcting the imbalance in methyl metabolism, betaine synergistically regulates lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammatory pathways, forming a multidimensional protective network against alcoholic liver damage
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Product Type:1667 Capsules
Glossary Abbreviations α-KG α-ketoglutarate Aβ amyloid beta ABC ATP-binding cassette family AD Alzheimer’s disease ADP adenosine diphosphate AKT serine/threonine protein kinase ALDH aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH1 aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 aMDM activated monocyte-derived macrophages AMPAR α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor AMP adenosine monophosphate AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase AP-1 activating protein-1 APLP1 amyloid beta precursor like protein 1 ASIC acid-sensing ion channel ATOX1 antioxidant 1 copper chaperone ATP adenosine triphosphate ATP13A2 ATPase cation transporting 13A2 ATP7A copper-transporting ATPase 1 ATP7B copper-transporting ATPase 2 Bax Bcl-2-associated protein x Bcl-2 B-cell lymphoma 2 BMP6 bone morphogenetic protein 6 BMPR bone morphogenetic protein receptor BRAF v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homologue B1 CaM calmodulin cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate CaSR calcium-sensing receptor Cas CRISPR associated protein Cav3.1/3.2/3.3 T-type voltage-gated calcium channel 3.1/3.2/3.3 CAX cation/proton exchanger Cbl cobalamin CCS copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase CD44 cluster of differentiation 44 CDC25C cell division cycle 25C Cdk1 cyclin-dependent kinase 1 cGAS protein cyclic GMP-AMP synthase CK2 casein kinase 2 CLDN16/19 claudin-16/19 CNNM3/4 cyclin and CBS domain divalent metal cation transport mediator 3/4 CoA coenzyme A COX cytochrome c oxidase CRAC calcium release-activated calcium channel CREB cyclic-AMP responsive element-binding protein CRISPR clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats CSCs cancer stem cells c-src cellular src Ctr1/2 copper transporter 1/2 Cyt c cytochrome c DAG diacylglycerol DAT1 dopamine transporter 1 DC_AC50 3-amino- N -(2-bromo-4,6-difluorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-5 H -cyclopenta[ b ]thieno[3,2- e ]pyridine-2-carboxamide DFO deferoxamine DFX deferasirox DHBA dihydroxybenzoic acid DLAT dihydrolipoyl acetyltransferase DLST dihydrolipoyl succinyltransferase DMT1 divalent metal transporter 1 DNA deoxyribonucleic acid dsDNA double-stranded DNA DTP drug-tolerant persister DTPA diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid ECM extracellular matrix EGFR epithelial growth factor receptor EMT epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition ENaC epithelial sodium channel ER endoplasmic reticulum ERFE erythroferrone ERK extracellular-signal-regulated kinase ERK1/2 extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 ERMES endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria encounter structure ESCC esophageal squamous cell carcinoma ETC electron transport chain FasL Fas ligand FHA forkhead-associated domain FIH1 factor inhibiting HIF-1 FSP1 ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 FTH1 ferritin heavy chain FTL ferritin light chain FTO fat mass and obesity-associated protein G4 G-quadruplex GABA γ-aminobutyric acid GABA A γ-aminobutyric acid type A GLUTs glucose transporters GPCR G protein-coupled receptor GPX4 glutathione peroxidase 4 GSH glutathione GSK-3 glycogen synthase kinase 3 GSSG glutathione disulfide H3K9me2 histone 3 lysine 9 dimethyl H3K27me3 histone 3 lysine 27 trimethyl HAMP hepcidin antimicrobial peptide HAT histone acetyltransferase HBED N , N ′-di(2-hydroxybenzyl)ethylenediamine- N , N ′-diacetic acid HCC hepatocellular carcinoma HCN hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel HD Huntington’s disease HDAC histone deacetylase HIF hypoxia-inducible transcription factor HIF-1 hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1 HIF-1α/1β/2α hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1alpha/1beta/2alpha HIV-1 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 HN1L hematological and neurological expressed 1-like protein HRE hypoxia-response element ICP-MS inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry IFN interferon IFN-λ3/γ interferon lambda3/gamma IFNLR1 interferon lambda receptor 1 IKK IκB kinase IKKβ IκB kinase β IL-1β/1–4/2/17 interleukin-1β/1–4/2/17 IP 3 inositol triphosphate IP 3 R IP3 receptor IRE iron-responsive element IRF3/7 interferon regulatory factor 3/7 IRP iron regulatory protein IRP1/2 iron regulatory protein 1/2 JAK Janus kinase JNK c-Jun N-terminal kinase K.Ca3.1 calcium-activated potassium channel 3.1 KDM3B/6A/6B Histone lysine demethylase 3B/6A/6B KHE potassium/proton exchanger Kir inward-rectifier potassium channel K-ras Kirsten rat sarcoma virus Kv potassium voltage-gated channel LCC-12 lipophilic copper clamp 12 LCN2 lipocalin-2 LCN2R lipocalin-2 receptor LCS-1 lung cancer screen 1 LFA-1 lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 LRRK2 leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 LTCC L-type calcium channel MagT1 magnesium transporter 1 MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase MCM methyl malonyl CoA mutase MCOLN1 mucolipin-1 MCU mitochondrial calcium uniporter MD Menkes disease MEK mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase MEK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 METAP1 methionine aminopeptidase 1 MICU1 mitochondrial calcium uptake 1 mitoBK Ca mitochondrial large-conductance calcium-regulated potassium channel mitoK ATP mitochondrial ATP-regulated potassium channel mitoKv mitochondrial potassium voltage-gated channel ML-9 1-(5-chloronaphthalen-1-yl)sulfonyl-1,4-diazepane ML-SA1 2-[2-oxo-2-(2,2,4-trimethyl-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1-yl)ethyl]isoindole-1,3-dione MMP-9 matrix metalloproteinase 9 MoA mechanism of action Moco molybdenum cofactor MRE metal response element mRNA messenger RNA MRS-1844 N -methylnitrendipine MRS-1845 N -propargylnitrendipine MRS2 mitochondrial RNA splicing 2 MS methionine synthase MT metallothionein MT1/2/3 metallothionein 1/2/3 MTF-1 metal response element transcription factor-1 mTOR mammalian target of rapamycin mTORC1 mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 MVBs multivesicular bodies NAADP nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate NAD+ nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydride NALCN sodium leak channel non-selective naMDM non activated monocyte-derived macrophages NASH non alcoholic steatohepatitis NCBn1 sodium/bicarbonate cotransporter NCKX potassium-dependent sodium/calcium exchanger NCLX mitochondrial sodium/calcium exchanger NCOA4 nuclear receptor coactivator 4 NCX sodium/calcium exchanger NDRG1 N-myc downstream regulated 1 NF-κB nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells NFAT nuclear factor of activated T cells NFAT5 nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 NHE sodium/proton exchanger NIPA1–4 nonimprinted in Prader–Willi/Angelman syndrome 1–4 NIS sodium/iodide symporter NKCC sodium/potassium/chloride cotransporter NLRP3 nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3 NMDAR N -methyl-d-aspartate receptor NRAMP natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 NRF2 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 NSCLC non small cell lung cancer ORAI calcium release-activated calcium modulator OSCC oral squamous cell carcinoma P2X4R purinergic P2X receptor 4 P2X7R purinergic P2X receptor 7 PARK7 Parkinson disease protein 7 PCBP1/2 poly(rC)-binding protein 1/2 PD Parkinson’s disease PDE3B phosphodiesterase 3B PDZD11 PDZ domain-containing protein 11 PHD iron-dependent prolyl hydroxylase PHF8 plant homeodomain (PHD) finger protein 8 Pi inorganic phosphate PI3K phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase pIRF3 phosphorylated interferon regulatory factor 3 Pit1 inorganic phosphate transporter 1 PKC protein kinase C PLC phospholipase C PLCγ phospholipase C gamma PLEKHA Pleckstrin homology domain containing family A PLEKHA 5/6/7 Pleckstrin homology domain containing family A 5/6/7 PMCA plasma membrane calcium ATPase pNFAT phosphorylated nuclear factor of activated T cells pNF-κB phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells PTP protein tyrosine phosphatases PTP1b protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1b pVHL Von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor Ras rat sarcoma virus RNA ribonucleic acid ROS reactive oxygen species RyR ryanodine receptor Sco1/2 cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein 1/2 SERCA sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase SGLT sodium/glucose cotransporter SLC24A5 solute carrier family 24 member 5 SLC25A3 solute carrier family 25 member 3 SLC25A5 solute carrier family 25 member 5 SLC30A10 solute carrier family 30 member 10 SLC39A14 solute carrier family 39 member 14 SLC41A1 solute carrier family 41 member 1 SLC41A2 solute carrier family 41 member 2 SLC41A3 solute carrier family 41 member 3 SLC46A3 solute carrier family 46 member 3 SMAD suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic SMAD1/5/8 mothers against decapentaplegic homologue 1/5/8 SOD superoxide dismutase SOD1/2 superoxide dismutase 1/2 SPCA secretory pathway calcium ATPase SPCA1/2 secretory pathway calcium-ATPase pump type 1/2 SR sarcoplasmic reticulum STAT signal transducer and activator of transcription STAT3 signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 STEAP 6-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate STEAP4 6-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 4 STIM stromal interaction molecule STING stimulator of interferon genes TEPA tetraethylenepentamine TET ten-11 translocation Tf transferrin TfR1 transferrin receptor TF transcription factor TGF transforming growth factor TGF-β transforming growth factor beta TIMP1 tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-1 TLR Toll-like receptor TLR4 Toll-like receptor 4 TMEM94/165/175 transmembrane protein 94/165/175 TMPRSS6 transmembrane serine protease 6 TNBC triple-negative breast cancer TPC two-pore channel TRP transient receptor potential TRPA1 transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 TRPC transient receptor potential canonical TRPC1/3–6 transient receptor potential canonical 1/3–6 TRPM2/6/7/8 transient receptor potential melastatin 2/6/7/8 TRPML transient receptor potential mucolipin TRPML1 transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 TRPP2 transient receptor potential polycystin-2 TRPV1/2/3/4/6 transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1/2/3/4/6 TTHA triethylenetetramine hexaacetic acid TTM tetrathiomolybdate ULK1/2 UNC51-like kinase-1/2 UTRs untranslated regions VDAC voltage-dependent anion channel VEGFR vascular endothelial growth factor receptor VGSC voltage-gated sodium channel WD Wilson’s disease Wnt wingless/integrated ZIP ZRT/IRT-like protein ZIP1–11/13/14/16 ZRT/IRT-like protein 1–11/13/14/16 ZNFs zinc-finger proteins ZNG1 zinc-regulated GTPase metalloprotein activator 1 ZnT zinc transporter ZnT1/2/4/5/6/7/9/10 zinc transporter 1/2/4/5/6/7/9/10 Biographies Raphaël Rodriguez is a Research Director at the CNRS and a Principal Investigator at Institut Curie where he holds the Skłodowska-Curie Chair of Chemical Biology
